Farmer's perception and response towards land policy and eco-environment based on participatory rural appraisal: A case study in the Loess hilly area,China

Based on a survey of 107 farm households by means of participatory rural appraisal, this paper presents a region-level analysis of farmer's perception and response towards land policies and eco-environment in the Loess hilly area, China. The surveyed farmers are divided into two groups, farmers on non-irrigated farmland and farmers on irrigated farmland. The results indicate that most farmers mainly depend on cropland, especially the farmers on non-irrigated farmland. Farmers believe that stability and persistence of land policies are important, and most hold a positive attitude towards the Grain-for-Green Programme. The farmers on irrigated farmland have a more favourable attitude to environmental conservation than the farmers of non-irrigated farmland. Nearly 80% of interviewees consider that the local eco-environment has improved in the last ten years. About 45% never consider the environmental impact of their agriculture practices. About 55% think drought is the most important reason for eco-environment deterioration, overgrazing and serious soil erosion. Soil and water conservation is not conscious and voluntary behaviour for farmers, it is only a measure to guarantee their basic agricultural production and to improve their living conditions. Results indicate that farmers on nonirrigated land find engineering approaches more beneficial to agronomic methods. However, the farmers on irrigated farmland pay more attention to improving farmland quality.     

基于碳足迹的江西省农田生态系统碳源/汇时空差异

利用2001~2010年江西省农业投入和农作物统计数据，采用碳排放系数法计算了江西省农田生态系统碳源/汇及碳足迹，分析了江西省农田生态系统碳源/汇时空特征，并进一步分析了碳足迹变化特征及原因。结果表明：(1)2001~2010年，江西省农业投入引起的碳排放量从2001年的11910 1×106 t，增加至2010年的5872 8×106 t，增加了103倍，农业机械化对碳排放总量贡献率最大。碳排放强度呈现先增加后减少的趋势。2008年赣州市碳排放量最多，景德镇市最少；(2)2001~2010年江西省农田生态系统碳吸收量先减少，后逐年增加，到2010年又减少，整个2001~2010年间增加3209 9×106 t。各类农作物中，水稻碳吸收量最多。2009年碳吸收量最多的是宜春市，最少的是萍乡市;(3)江西省农田生态系统碳足迹从2001年的07518×106 C〖DK〗·hm-2〖DK〗·a-1，增加至2009年的1473 4×106 C〖DK〗·hm-2〖DK〗·a-1,单位面积碳足迹呈现逐年增加的趋势。2008年碳足迹最多的是赣州市，最少的是萍乡市。南昌市、景德镇市、吉安市和宜春市表现为生态盈余，其余表现为生态赤字。江西省应减少农药、化肥等的使用，控制农业机械化，特别是赣州市，从而达到减少碳排放的目的     

光照对三峡库区蓝藻垂直迁移过程的影响模拟

三峡蓄水后的支流回水区平均流速在001m/s以下，因此将其近似视为静止水体，通过构筑光照对蓝藻种群垂直迁移影响理论模型，分别以1 a和1 d为研究期限，对蓝藻种群的垂直迁移进行模拟计算。结果显示：蓝藻垂直迁移过程具有明显季节特征，每年冬季，蓝藻处于休眠期，并停留在水底；4月蓝藻开始复苏，11月处于休眠期的过渡阶段，这两个月具有微弱浮力；5和10月蓝藻开始接近水表，易发生垂直迁移；6~9月蓝藻垂直迁移速率增加，易发生水华。计算表明：6和9月蓝藻上升/下沉速率较大，易发生快速的上浮/下沉垂直迁移运动，宏观上表现为水华的急剧暴发/消退；6月易暴发水华的时间为早上8点到10点，9月易暴发水华的时间为早上10点到11点，预测结果和实测资料具有良好的一致性。
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山西省蒲县土地利用战略研究

在分析山西省蒲县土地利用现状的基础上,重点探讨了该县经济社会发展和土地利用的关系,研究未来一定时期当地经济社会的发展趋势,探索当地土地利用服务于经济社会发展的科学途径和战略措施,以实现两者的可持续发展及与资源环境的和谐发展。     

Groundwater environmental capacity and its evaluation index

At present, anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals far exceeds natural input in some aquatic sediment, but the proportions are difficult to differentiate due to the changes in sediment characters. In this paper, the metal (Al, Fe, K, Mg, Ca, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) concentrations, grain size, and total organic carbon (TOC) content in the surface and core sediments of Nansihu Lake Catchment (the open lake and six inflow rivers) were determined. The chemical speciations of the metals (Al, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) in the surface sediments were also analyzed. Approaches of factor analysis, normalized enrichment factor (EF) and the new non-residual fractions enrichment factor (K_NRF) were used to differentiate the sources of the metals in the sediments, from detrital clastic debris or anthropogenic input, and to quantify the anthropogenic contamination. The results indicate that natural processes were more dominant in concentrating the metals in the surface and core sediments of the open lake. High concentration of Ca and deficiency of other metals in the upper layers of the sediment core were attributed to the input of carbonate minerals in the catchment with increasing human activities since 1980s. High TOC content magnified the deficiency of the metals. Nevertheless, the EF and K_NRF both reveal moderate to significant anthropogenic contamination of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the surface sediments of Laoyun River and the estuary and Cr in the surface sediments of Baima River. The proportion of non-residual fractions (acid soluble, reducible, and oxidizable fractions) of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the contaminated sediments increased to 37–99% from the background levels less than 30%.     

不同稳定剂对污泥蛋白发泡特性的影响研究

污泥含有蛋白质,经过高温水解可产生水解蛋白液(简称污泥蛋白),该蛋白具有发泡特性,经通风搅拌可产生泡沫;由于污泥蛋白所产生的泡沫具有不稳定、易破裂的特点,因此,设计了不同稳定剂对污泥蛋白发泡特性的影响研究实验,解决污泥蛋白所产生泡沫的稳定性问题。结果表明,在测定污泥蛋白的基本发泡特性实验中,10 mL污泥蛋白稀释10倍时,初始泡沫量较大,达到2 153 mL,但泡沫半衰期相对较短,时间为27 min;在10 mL污泥蛋白中分别加入0.2 g十六烷基三甲基溴化氨(CTAB)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、GP-1,并用水稀释10倍,制成泡沫后的初始泡沫量分别为1 380、1 400和1 248 mL,相对降低了773、753和905 mL;泡沫半衰期分别为31、76和509 min,相对提高了4、49和482 min,尤其是GP-1作为稳定剂时,泡沫的半衰期与不加稳定剂时相比提高了15倍;在10 mL污泥蛋白中加入0.2 g十六烷基三甲基溴化氨与0.2 g GP-1的复配稳定剂,用水稀释10倍,制成泡沫后的初始泡沫量为1 525 mL,相对降低了628 mL;泡沫半衰期为95 min,相对提高了68 min。因此,GP-1是污泥蛋白最好的泡沫稳定剂。     

Factors dominating stratification cycle and seasonal water quality variation in a Korean estuarine reservoir

A comprehensive monitoring program was conducted during 2005-2007 to investigate seasonal variations of hydrologic stability and water quality in the Yeongsan Reservoir (YSR), located at the downstream end of the Yeongsan River, Korea. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify factors dominating the seasonal water quality variation from a large suite of measured data--11 physico-chemical parameters from 48 sampling sites. The results showed that three principal components explained approximately 62% of spatio-seasonal water quality variation, which are related to stratifications, pollutant loadings and resultant eutrophication, and the advective mixing process during the episodic rainfall-runoff events. A comparison was then made between YSR and an upstream freshwater reservoir (Damyang Reservoir, DYR) in the same river basin during an autumn season. It was found that the saline stratification and pollutant input from the upstream contributed to greater concentrations of nutrients and organic matter in YSR compared to DYR. In YSR, saline stratification in combination with thermal stratification was a dominant cause of the longer period (for two consecutive seasons) of hypoxic conditions at the reservoir bottom. The results presented here will help better understand the season- and geography-dependent characteristics of reservoir water quality in Asian Monsoon climate regions such as Korea.     

统筹城乡发展中集体土地登记效用分析——以重庆市江北区鱼嘴镇双溪村为例

集体土地登记是土地管理的基础工作,也是保护农民土地合法权益、促进集体土地流转和繁荣农村经济的重要手段.对集体土地所有权、使用权登记效用进行了深入分析,并结合作为统筹城乡综合配套改革试点的重庆市江北区鱼嘴镇双溪村,从农地规模经营、农地融资与农民转市民三方面分析集体土地登记如何促进其统筹城乡的发展.     

The Role of Climate and Human Influences in the Dry‐Up of the Jinci Springs,China1

Abstract: One of the largest karst springs in North China, the Jinci Springs, dried up and has remained dry since 1994. We develop a correlation analysis with time‐lag and a regression analysis with time‐lag to study the relation between spring flow and precipitation. This allows us to obtain a better understanding of karst hydrological processes by differentiating the contribution of variation in precipitation from anthropogenic impacts on the dry‐up of Jinci Springs. We divided the karstic hydrological processes into two phases: pre‐1961 and post‐1961. In the first phase (i.e., 1954‐1960) the groundwater recharge was affected by precipitation alone, and in the second phase (i.e., 1961‐1994) the groundwater recharge was influenced by both precipitation and human activities. Using precipitation and groundwater recharge data in the first phase, we set up a groundwater recharge model with time‐lags. By running the time‐lags model, we acquired the groundwater recharge likely to occur under the sole effect of precipitation in the second phase. Using a water‐balance calculation, we conclude that the groundwater recharge exhibited statistical stationarity, and the Jinci Springs dry‐up was the result of anthropogenic activities. At least three specific types of anthropogenic activities contributed to the drying‐up of Jinci Springs: (1) groundwater pumping accounts for 51%, (2) the dewatering from coal mining accounts for 33%, (3) and dam‐building 14%. The drying‐up of Jinci Springs meant that the groundwater drained from the aquifer’s fractures, and subsequently changed the structure of the karst aquifer. Although groundwater exploitation has been reduced, the flow at Jinci Springs has not reoccurred.     

Nitrogen nutrition in cotton and control strategies for greenhouse gas emissions: a review

Cotton (Gossypium hirustum L.) is grown globally as a major source of natural fiber. Nitrogen (N) management is cumbersome in cotton production systems; it has more impacts on yield, maturity, and lint quality of a cotton crop than other primary plant nutrient. Application and production of N fertilizers consume large amounts of energy, and excess application can cause environmental concerns, i.e., nitrate in ground water, and the production of nitrous oxide a highly potent greenhouse gas (GHG) to the atmosphere, which is a global concern. Therefore, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cotton plant is critical in this context. Slow-release fertilizers (e.g., polymer-coated urea) have the potential to increase cotton yield and reduce environmental pollution due to more efficient use of nutrients. Limited literature is available on the mitigation of GHG emissions for cotton production. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of N fertilization, in cotton growth and GHG emission management strategies, and will assess, justify, and organize the researchable priorities. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen are essential nutrients for successful crop production. Ammonia (NH₃) is a central intermediate in plant N metabolism. NH₃ is assimilated in cotton by the mediation of glutamine synthetase, glutamine (z-) oxoglutarate amino-transferase enzyme systems in two steps: the first step requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to add NH₃ to glutamate to form glutamine (Gln), and the second step transfers the NH₃ from glutamine (Gln) to α-ketoglutarate to form two glutamates. Once NH₃ has been incorporated into glutamate, it can be transferred to other carbon skeletons by various transaminases to form additional amino acids. The glutamate and glutamine formed can rapidly be used for the synthesis of low-molecular-weight organic N compounds (LMWONCs) such as amides, amino acids, ureides, amines, and peptides that are further synthesized into high-molecular-weight organic N compounds (HMWONCs) such as proteins and nucleic acids.